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许多哺乳动物都有橘色变种——如老虎、金毛犬、红毛猩猩和红发人类——但只有家猫的橘色特征与性别相关，且更多出现在雄性身上。从雄性橘猫占多数这一现象，科学家推测这种被称为"性连锁橘色"的突变位于X染色体上。任何携带该突变的雄性猫都会呈现全橘色，而雌性猫需要两条X染色体都携带该突变才会全橘——这种情况更为罕见。携带单拷贝突变的雌猫会呈现部分橘色——要么是玳瑁斑纹，要么是橘黑白相间的三花图案。这是由于雌性特有的X染色体随机失活现象，即每个细胞中有一条X染色体被关闭。这导致色素细胞形成镶嵌图案，部分表达性连锁橘色特征，部分则不表达。研究人员在 X 染色体上寻找雄性橘猫共有的变异，发现一个变异增加了 Arhgap36 基因在色素细胞中的异常表达。
许多哺乳动物都有橘色变种——如老虎、金毛犬、红毛猩猩和红发人类——但只有家猫的橘色特征与性别相关，且更多出现在雄性身上。从雄性橘猫占多数这一现象，科学家推测这种被称为"性连锁橘色"的突变位于X染色体上。任何携带该突变的雄性猫都会呈现全橘色，而雌性猫需要两条X染色体都携带该突变才会全橘——这种情况更为罕见。携带单拷贝突变的雌猫会呈现部分橘色——要么是玳瑁斑纹，要么是橘黑白相间的三花图案。这是由于雌性特有的X染色体随机失活现象，即每个细胞中有一条X染色体被关闭。这导致色素细胞形成镶嵌图案，部分表达性连锁橘色特征，部分则不表达。研究人员在 X 染色体上寻找雄性橘猫共有的变异，发现一个变异增加了 Arhgap36 基因在色素细胞中的异常表达。
Mr. Durov launched Telegram in late 2013 with his brother, Nikolai, just months before he was pushed out of VK, the Russian social-media platform he founded. Mr. Durov pitched his new app—funded with the proceeds from the VK sale—less as a business than as a way for people to send messages while avoiding government surveillance and censorship.
What is Telegram?
Telegram’s stand out feature is its encryption scheme that keeps messages and media secure in transit. The scheme is known as MTProto and is based on 256-bit AES encryption, RSA encryption, and Diffie-Hellman key exchange. The result of this complicated and technical-sounding jargon? A messaging service that claims to keep your data safe.Why do we say claims? When dealing with security, you always want to leave room for scrutiny, and a few cryptography experts have criticized the system. Overall, any level of encryption is better than none, but a level of discretion should always be observed with any online connected system, even Telegram.
