✅Gs-3 : Economic growth- Resource Mobilization- Minerals
✅Gs-1 : Geography--Mines and Minerals- Rare Earths- Why are they called critical minerals?- Ex: Read this
🔰Why Critical Minerals Are No Longer Optional-Two structural shifts have redefined global geopolitics:
🅾️1. The green transition=highly mineral-intensive-An EV needs six times more minerals than a conventional vehicle.
🅾️2. The fourth industrial revolution — involving AI, 5G, data centers — is copper and rare earth intensive.
⚠️We Should Create a National Critical Mineral Strategic Reserve, akin to oil reserves, for high-risk imports like lithium and cobalt.
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✅Gs-1 : Geography--Mines and Minerals- Rare Earths- Why are they called critical minerals?- Ex: Read this
🔰Why Critical Minerals Are No Longer Optional-Two structural shifts have redefined global geopolitics:
🅾️1. The green transition=highly mineral-intensive-An EV needs six times more minerals than a conventional vehicle.
🅾️2. The fourth industrial revolution — involving AI, 5G, data centers — is copper and rare earth intensive.
⚠️We Should Create a National Critical Mineral Strategic Reserve, akin to oil reserves, for high-risk imports like lithium and cobalt.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Subscribe to VK IAS's YouTube channel : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Gs-3 : Cyber Bullying || VK IAS current affairs mains 2025
https://youtu.be/BkPdKdCM7Xg
https://youtu.be/BkPdKdCM7Xg
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Gs-3 : Cyber Bullying || VK IAS current affairs mains 2025
Telegram - Https://www.tg-me.com/VK IAS UPSC Highlights by Vikas kanukollu VK/com.hinduhighlights
Cyber bullying is a contemporary national security and public order issue. It intersects education, law, mental health, gender justice, technology policy with direct relevance to GS‑3 and ethics. Respond with…
Cyber bullying is a contemporary national security and public order issue. It intersects education, law, mental health, gender justice, technology policy with direct relevance to GS‑3 and ethics. Respond with…
Mains 2025 series
Upsc 2025 mains- Can you critically analyse judicial overreach concept? Learn how!
https://youtu.be/D8vf3ZsH_qY
Upsc 2025 mains- Can you critically analyse judicial overreach concept? Learn how!
https://youtu.be/D8vf3ZsH_qY
UPSC GS -3 Agriculture CA issue for mains 2025 -1
https://youtu.be/5CtfXpDOlyQ
https://youtu.be/5CtfXpDOlyQ
✅Gs-3- Science and technology- DNA profiling
🅾️Fear of caste based profiling-Issues with DNA technology bill = Click here
🔰Advantages:
⚜️High specificity and accuracy in identifying remains.
⚜️Applicable even with partial remains: nails, bones, teeth, tissue.
⚜️Uses PCR amplification for STR targeting.
🔰Challenges:
⚜️Sample Integrity: The integrity of the DNA sample dictates the accuracy of the result.
⚜️Environmental Degradation: Heat, humidity, and time damage DNA.
⚜️Contamination Risks: Mishandling, mixed samples, non-sterile collection.
⚜️Limited Sample Availability: In disasters, usable biological material may be minimal.
⚜️Interpretation Challenges: Requires trained experts; risk of misinterpretation in mixed DNA samples.
⚜️Ethical Concerns: Privacy, consent, especially with use of familial DNA.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Subscribe to VK IAS's YouTube channel : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Fear of caste based profiling-Issues with DNA technology bill = Click here
🔰Advantages:
⚜️High specificity and accuracy in identifying remains.
⚜️Applicable even with partial remains: nails, bones, teeth, tissue.
⚜️Uses PCR amplification for STR targeting.
🔰Challenges:
⚜️Sample Integrity: The integrity of the DNA sample dictates the accuracy of the result.
⚜️Environmental Degradation: Heat, humidity, and time damage DNA.
⚜️Contamination Risks: Mishandling, mixed samples, non-sterile collection.
⚜️Limited Sample Availability: In disasters, usable biological material may be minimal.
⚜️Interpretation Challenges: Requires trained experts; risk of misinterpretation in mixed DNA samples.
⚜️Ethical Concerns: Privacy, consent, especially with use of familial DNA.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Subscribe to VK IAS's YouTube channel : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Gs-2 : Digital Access as a Right | UPSC GS-2 Mains Issue | VK IAS
https://youtu.be/6phddRmwR6M
https://youtu.be/6phddRmwR6M
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Gs-2 : Digital Access as a Right | UPSC GS-2 Mains Issue | VK IAS
Telegram channel - https://www.tg-me.com/VK IAS UPSC Highlights by Vikas kanukollu VK/com.hinduhighlights
Is Digital Access a fundamental right in India? In this crisp UPSC GS-2 explainer, we decode the evolving debate around digital rights, constitutional logic under Articles 14, 19, 21, and the policy…
Is Digital Access a fundamental right in India? In this crisp UPSC GS-2 explainer, we decode the evolving debate around digital rights, constitutional logic under Articles 14, 19, 21, and the policy…
Forwarded from UPSC - International relations by Vikas Kanukollu
✅Gs-2 : IR- Israel- Iran- Yemen - This is very important for mains 2025
🅾️Previously we read about the Axis of resistance?- Ideological and military alliance led by Iran- Iran + Hezbollah + Hamas + Houthis + Shia militias (Iraq, Syria)- Click here
🅾️Axis of Upheaval- Iran bloc + Russia + China (and often loosely-linked Global South states)- to Challenge the Western-led global order across military, diplomatic, economic domains
🅾️Axis of Resistance is a subset of the broader Axis of Upheaval- The Axis of Upheaval reflects a paradigm shift: where regional wars (like Gaza-Yemen) have global economic and diplomatic consequences.
🔰What is the impact of this whole conflict on India?- Click here
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
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🅾️Previously we read about the Axis of resistance?- Ideological and military alliance led by Iran- Iran + Hezbollah + Hamas + Houthis + Shia militias (Iraq, Syria)- Click here
🅾️Axis of Upheaval- Iran bloc + Russia + China (and often loosely-linked Global South states)- to Challenge the Western-led global order across military, diplomatic, economic domains
🅾️Axis of Resistance is a subset of the broader Axis of Upheaval- The Axis of Upheaval reflects a paradigm shift: where regional wars (like Gaza-Yemen) have global economic and diplomatic consequences.
🔰What is the impact of this whole conflict on India?- Click here
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-2 : Centre - state relations- Finance commission - Fiscal federalism- Click here
🅾️India’s federal fiscal structure places heavy expenditure responsibility on states-from health and education to infrastructure - but revenue generation capacity is often limited. Many states carry high debt-to-GSDP ratios. To nudge states toward fiscal discipline, the Union government is proposing to introduce fiscal rankings, similar to Ease of Doing Business rankings.
🅾️Why Now?- Rising state debts after COVID-19, combined with large welfare outlays in election-bound states, have raised concern
🔰updated CPI and CES = more realistic economic denominator → better fiscal rankings and debt sustainability analysis.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️India’s federal fiscal structure places heavy expenditure responsibility on states-from health and education to infrastructure - but revenue generation capacity is often limited. Many states carry high debt-to-GSDP ratios. To nudge states toward fiscal discipline, the Union government is proposing to introduce fiscal rankings, similar to Ease of Doing Business rankings.
🅾️Why Now?- Rising state debts after COVID-19, combined with large welfare outlays in election-bound states, have raised concern
🔰updated CPI and CES = more realistic economic denominator → better fiscal rankings and debt sustainability analysis.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Economic growth
🎖MUST READ ARTICLE- What is it about?- What kind of strategy should India deploy for improving per capita - Read this article
⚠️GDP formula G= C+I+G+(X-M)
This infographic is about how C is changing.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🎖MUST READ ARTICLE- What is it about?- What kind of strategy should India deploy for improving per capita - Read this article
⚠️GDP formula G= C+I+G+(X-M)
This infographic is about how C is changing.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Poverty and unemployment studies
🅾️This article explains a new World Bank estimate: only 5.75% of Indians live in "abject poverty" in 2022-23. This seems like great news, but there's confusion about what exactly this number means.
⚠️How this number was calculated- classic example of "methodology shaping narrative"
1. If someone earns less than rs. 62/day, they are said to live in abject poverty by World Bank’s latest global poverty line for India.
2. This adjusts for different price levels across countries - rs. 62/day in India may buy what $2.15/day buys in the US. This lets us compare poverty across nations.
🚫World Bank uses PPP-adjusted rates, not forex rates
3. Earlier methods used higher poverty lines or different years for comparison (like rs. 33/day in cities). New data uses updated income benchmarks, 2022 prices, and global definitions.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️This article explains a new World Bank estimate: only 5.75% of Indians live in "abject poverty" in 2022-23. This seems like great news, but there's confusion about what exactly this number means.
⚠️How this number was calculated- classic example of "methodology shaping narrative"
1. If someone earns less than rs. 62/day, they are said to live in abject poverty by World Bank’s latest global poverty line for India.
2. This adjusts for different price levels across countries - rs. 62/day in India may buy what $2.15/day buys in the US. This lets us compare poverty across nations.
🚫World Bank uses PPP-adjusted rates, not forex rates
3. Earlier methods used higher poverty lines or different years for comparison (like rs. 33/day in cities). New data uses updated income benchmarks, 2022 prices, and global definitions.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Gs-4- Ethics - Autonomous weapons- ethical arguments
https://youtu.be/M8K4H21ViHM
https://youtu.be/M8K4H21ViHM
YouTube
Gs-4- Ethics - Autonomous weapons- ethical arguments
Join our Telegram: https://www.tg-me.com/VK IAS UPSC Highlights by Vikas kanukollu VK/com.hinduhighlights
🔍 Ethics & Autonomous Weapons | GS-4 UPSC Mains 2025
In this video, we break down the ethical dilemma posed by Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) — machines that can select and engage targets without human intervention.…
🔍 Ethics & Autonomous Weapons | GS-4 UPSC Mains 2025
In this video, we break down the ethical dilemma posed by Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) — machines that can select and engage targets without human intervention.…
Upsc Ethics mastery begins with this step!
https://youtube.com/shorts/1M_49myLcDQ?feature=share
https://youtube.com/shorts/1M_49myLcDQ?feature=share
YouTube
Upsc Ethics mastery begins with this step!
✅VK IAS Telegram - https://www.tg-me.com/VK IAS UPSC Highlights by Vikas kanukollu VK/com.hinduhighlightsConfused how to derieve value for ethics? this video shows how and where to begin!
✅Gs-3 : Disaster Management- Stampede- Click here
☝️Whatever was discussed in this class- you will find it relevant for many years to come- Expecting some kind of a question on this topic- MUST WATCH for 2025 mains aspirants. Watch it at a speed that is comfortable to you. Explained it at a slow pace that is suitable for everyone's speed.
☝️Whatever was discussed in this class- you will find it relevant for many years to come- Expecting some kind of a question on this topic- MUST WATCH for 2025 mains aspirants. Watch it at a speed that is comfortable to you. Explained it at a slow pace that is suitable for everyone's speed.
✅Gs-3 : Science and Technology- GPS
🅾️Background on GPS technology- Click here and read
🅾️Present article focus : deliberate cyberattacks on GPS systems through jamming and spoofing -are becoming a serious global threat.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Background on GPS technology- Click here and read
🅾️Present article focus : deliberate cyberattacks on GPS systems through jamming and spoofing -are becoming a serious global threat.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
#Agriculture
✅Gs-3 : Agriculture- Fertilizer subsidy-
🅾️Background : Fertilizers provide six macronutrients and eight micronutrients to the plants for well-balanced growth- How fertilizer subsidy works?- All the other related issues regarding fertiliser subsidy- click here and read them
✅What looked like a door closing (China's export ban) actually opened several new doors:
⚜️More suppliers -Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Jordan, etc.
⚜️More fertiliser options -APS (Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate) and NPK complexes.
⚜️Better farm practices -move toward precision agriculture.
⚜️Stronger policy shifts -Push for Atmanirbhar Bharat in Fertilisers
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Agriculture- Fertilizer subsidy-
🅾️Background : Fertilizers provide six macronutrients and eight micronutrients to the plants for well-balanced growth- How fertilizer subsidy works?- All the other related issues regarding fertiliser subsidy- click here and read them
✅What looked like a door closing (China's export ban) actually opened several new doors:
⚜️More suppliers -Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Jordan, etc.
⚜️More fertiliser options -APS (Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate) and NPK complexes.
⚜️Better farm practices -move toward precision agriculture.
⚜️Stronger policy shifts -Push for Atmanirbhar Bharat in Fertilisers
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Environmental conservation- Case study- The Pachgaon Model – Local Governance and Positive Outcomes
🅾️Central issue here : Forest Survey of India (FSI) uses outdated data- Forest Department (FD) operates with a centralised, anti-nature and anti-people mindset.
🅾️Solution suggested : Pachgaon (Maharashtra) under Forest Rights Act (2006) enabled communities to claim Community Forest Rights (CFR)-
⚠️Also read : Threats to the Biodiversity of Western ghats- Lessons to learn from GOA floods
⚠️conflict between local autonomy and corporate/state interests- Kerala High court verdict in favor of Coca-Cola over a Panchayat that denied a license- Click here
🔰Take away : From top-down forestry to bottom-up ecological democracy. This is a replicable model across India.
🌟Prelims info : Rivers in kerala- as mentioned in the article - Click here
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Central issue here : Forest Survey of India (FSI) uses outdated data- Forest Department (FD) operates with a centralised, anti-nature and anti-people mindset.
🅾️Solution suggested : Pachgaon (Maharashtra) under Forest Rights Act (2006) enabled communities to claim Community Forest Rights (CFR)-
⚠️Also read : Threats to the Biodiversity of Western ghats- Lessons to learn from GOA floods
⚠️conflict between local autonomy and corporate/state interests- Kerala High court verdict in favor of Coca-Cola over a Panchayat that denied a license- Click here
🔰Take away : From top-down forestry to bottom-up ecological democracy. This is a replicable model across India.
🌟Prelims info : Rivers in kerala- as mentioned in the article - Click here
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel