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✅Gs-2 : Governance- Accountability- Judicial accountability
🅾️2021- An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate. (150 words, 10 Marks)
☝️Judicial accountability is an evergreen theme- Why?- Because it remains a problem to be solved. There are challenges of holding judges accountable in India, focusing on the review mechanism for judges who may be guilty of misbehaviour or incapacity. read this article now
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🅾️2021- An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate. (150 words, 10 Marks)
☝️Judicial accountability is an evergreen theme- Why?- Because it remains a problem to be solved. There are challenges of holding judges accountable in India, focusing on the review mechanism for judges who may be guilty of misbehaviour or incapacity. read this article now
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
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✅Gs-3 : Science and Technology- Space- ISRO -PSLV C60/SpaDeX mission.
🅾️ The mission will demonstrate a space docking experiment .
🅾️Spadex- We already discussed about it here in the prelims perspective- Click here and read
🔰Practical takeaways : This is a major technology that will help in future space missions, like building space stations, repairing satellites, or even sending astronauts to space in a safer way. If this experiment works, India will be one of the few countries that can do space docking- ISRO will send two satellites into space, and one will chase the other. They’ll test if they can move close to each other and dock, or stay in a fixed position without crashing. If this works, India can plan bigger missions like building a space station or going to the moon, which could lead to more opportunities for the country in space exploration.
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🅾️ The mission will demonstrate a space docking experiment .
🅾️Spadex- We already discussed about it here in the prelims perspective- Click here and read
🔰Practical takeaways : This is a major technology that will help in future space missions, like building space stations, repairing satellites, or even sending astronauts to space in a safer way. If this experiment works, India will be one of the few countries that can do space docking- ISRO will send two satellites into space, and one will chase the other. They’ll test if they can move close to each other and dock, or stay in a fixed position without crashing. If this works, India can plan bigger missions like building a space station or going to the moon, which could lead to more opportunities for the country in space exploration.
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✅Gs-2 : IR- India- China
🅾️Tsangpo- Dam issue : Largest of its kind the world- The 1997 UN Convention on the Non-Navigational Use of International Watercourses emphasizes equitable utilization and cooperation. However, China is not a signatory, making enforcement difficult.
🅾️China's upstream projects on rivers like the Mekong have led to similar concerns of environmental degradation and unequal water distribution, setting a worrying precedent.
⚠️India has raised objections regarding the lack of consultation on upstream projects and their potential impact on Indian territory. The project could lead to strategic vulnerabilities for India, especially in Northeast India, where the Brahmaputra is a lifeline.
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🅾️Tsangpo- Dam issue : Largest of its kind the world- The 1997 UN Convention on the Non-Navigational Use of International Watercourses emphasizes equitable utilization and cooperation. However, China is not a signatory, making enforcement difficult.
🅾️China's upstream projects on rivers like the Mekong have led to similar concerns of environmental degradation and unequal water distribution, setting a worrying precedent.
⚠️India has raised objections regarding the lack of consultation on upstream projects and their potential impact on Indian territory. The project could lead to strategic vulnerabilities for India, especially in Northeast India, where the Brahmaputra is a lifeline.
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Right to Education
🅾️The no-detention policy, introduced under the RTE Act, 2009, aimed to ensure universal access to education and reduce dropouts by promoting all students from Classes 1 to 8, irrespective of their academic performance. The recent amendment to the Act, however, allows schools to detain students in Classes 5 and 8 if they fail to meet promotion criteria even after a re-examination.
🅾️Why did they change?- The actual objective was to ensure a stress-free learning environment, discourage rote learning, and encourage holistic education- that is being compromised- Surveys such as the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) indicate poor foundational skills. For example, only 42.8% of Class 5 students could read a Class 2-level text in 2022, a drop from 50.5% in 2018.
Similar trends were observed in mathematics and basic comprehension skills.
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🅾️The no-detention policy, introduced under the RTE Act, 2009, aimed to ensure universal access to education and reduce dropouts by promoting all students from Classes 1 to 8, irrespective of their academic performance. The recent amendment to the Act, however, allows schools to detain students in Classes 5 and 8 if they fail to meet promotion criteria even after a re-examination.
🅾️Why did they change?- The actual objective was to ensure a stress-free learning environment, discourage rote learning, and encourage holistic education- that is being compromised- Surveys such as the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) indicate poor foundational skills. For example, only 42.8% of Class 5 students could read a Class 2-level text in 2022, a drop from 50.5% in 2018.
Similar trends were observed in mathematics and basic comprehension skills.
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⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Judiciary
🅾️ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla (1976): Justice H.R. Khanna dissented, holding that Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) cannot be suspended even during a national emergency. His dissent later influenced constitutional amendments strengthening fundamental rights.
🅾️P.V. Narasimha Rao Case (1998): Justice Hegde dissented by questioning whether bribes paid to Members of Parliament could be protected under parliamentary privileges.
✅Social Dissent
🅾️Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017): On the issue of triple talaq, Justices J.S. Khehar and Abdul Nazeer dissented with the majority's ruling striking down triple talaq as unconstitutional. They reasoned that it was a matter of religious freedom under Article 25.
🅾️Aishat Shifa v. Karnataka (2022):
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🅾️ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla (1976): Justice H.R. Khanna dissented, holding that Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) cannot be suspended even during a national emergency. His dissent later influenced constitutional amendments strengthening fundamental rights.
🅾️P.V. Narasimha Rao Case (1998): Justice Hegde dissented by questioning whether bribes paid to Members of Parliament could be protected under parliamentary privileges.
✅Social Dissent
🅾️Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017): On the issue of triple talaq, Justices J.S. Khehar and Abdul Nazeer dissented with the majority's ruling striking down triple talaq as unconstitutional. They reasoned that it was a matter of religious freedom under Article 25.
🅾️Aishat Shifa v. Karnataka (2022):
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✅Gs-3 : Conservation- State of forest report- ISFR 2023- Biennial update by Forest survey of India
🔰Issue : We discussed it here- Click here
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🔰Issue : We discussed it here- Click here
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Forwarded from VK IAS- prelims (UPSC highlights)
#Polity
✅Gs-2 : Vulnerable sections- LGBTQ- V IMP for prelims
🔰Focus : Trans persons' identity- legal mechanism- Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 (TPA) and its associated Rules, 2020.
⚜️Legal principle: "Generalia specialibus non-derogant" (special laws override general laws).
🅾️Step 1: Submit an application to the District Magistrate (DM) along with an affidavit declaring the preferred gender identity.
🅾️Step 2: The DM processes the application within 30 days and issues a certificate of identity. If rejected, reasons must be provided.
🅾️Step 3 (Post-Surgery): In case of sex-reassignment surgery, a medical certificate from a Chief Medical Officer or Medical Superintendent is submitted to the DM for a revised certificate.
🅾️Timeframe for Revision: The revised certificate must be issued within 15 days.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-2 : Vulnerable sections- LGBTQ- V IMP for prelims
🔰Focus : Trans persons' identity- legal mechanism- Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 (TPA) and its associated Rules, 2020.
⚜️Legal principle: "Generalia specialibus non-derogant" (special laws override general laws).
🅾️Step 1: Submit an application to the District Magistrate (DM) along with an affidavit declaring the preferred gender identity.
🅾️Step 2: The DM processes the application within 30 days and issues a certificate of identity. If rejected, reasons must be provided.
🅾️Step 3 (Post-Surgery): In case of sex-reassignment surgery, a medical certificate from a Chief Medical Officer or Medical Superintendent is submitted to the DM for a revised certificate.
🅾️Timeframe for Revision: The revised certificate must be issued within 15 days.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2- Vulnerable sections- Migrants- E shram portal
🅾️Issues with E-shram- Click here
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Issues with E-shram- Click here
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-2 : Governance- Digital India- Legal framework- e Governance- Digital India- its use in governance and challenges- Click here
🅾️Question: Examine the challenges posed by Generative AI (GAI) to existing legal frameworks and judicial precedents in India. How can India adapt its legal system to address these challenges in the context of digital jurisprudence?- Click here
⚠️Take away : efficient governance depends on the skills of those driving it.
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🅾️Question: Examine the challenges posed by Generative AI (GAI) to existing legal frameworks and judicial precedents in India. How can India adapt its legal system to address these challenges in the context of digital jurisprudence?- Click here
⚠️Take away : efficient governance depends on the skills of those driving it.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : Judiciary- Collegium system- Reforms.
🅾️Note- The Collegium system is a unique process in India for appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts. It operates based on the Constitutional interpretation made by the judiciary, rather than being explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.
⚠️Issue : Judicial accountability- Click here- we already discussed this.
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🅾️Note- The Collegium system is a unique process in India for appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts. It operates based on the Constitutional interpretation made by the judiciary, rather than being explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.
⚠️Issue : Judicial accountability- Click here- we already discussed this.
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Forwarded from UPSC Ethics by VK IAS
✅Gs-4 : Ethics- Values
🅾️Context : ethical and societal implications of political rhetoric and its impact on cultural and social stability
🔰Ethical justice demands:
⚜️Recognizing historical wrongs.
⚜️Upholding inclusivity without alienating communities or beliefs.
🅾️Politicians and public figures, therefore, have an ethical obligation to frame their criticisms constructively, targeting inequities rather than delegitimizing entire belief systems.The article argues for the preservation of Sanatana Dharma's positive aspects, emphasizing how reformers like Narayana Guru worked within the system to bring change rather than dismantling it.Politicians must practice ethical communication, using their platform to unite rather than divide.
🔰Remarks that dismiss cultural values entirely can:
⚜️Undermine trust in leadership.
⚜️Erode social harmony, critical for progress in diverse societies.
✅Join : Essay/ Ethics channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-mrcWyE8pY2UyMDll
🅾️Context : ethical and societal implications of political rhetoric and its impact on cultural and social stability
🔰Ethical justice demands:
⚜️Recognizing historical wrongs.
⚜️Upholding inclusivity without alienating communities or beliefs.
🅾️Politicians and public figures, therefore, have an ethical obligation to frame their criticisms constructively, targeting inequities rather than delegitimizing entire belief systems.The article argues for the preservation of Sanatana Dharma's positive aspects, emphasizing how reformers like Narayana Guru worked within the system to bring change rather than dismantling it.Politicians must practice ethical communication, using their platform to unite rather than divide.
🔰Remarks that dismiss cultural values entirely can:
⚜️Undermine trust in leadership.
⚜️Erode social harmony, critical for progress in diverse societies.
✅Join : Essay/ Ethics channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-mrcWyE8pY2UyMDll
✅Gs-2 : Education
🅾️Drop out rate in schools-UDISE+ = UDISE+ is one of thelargest Management Information Systems initiated by the Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), Ministry of Education, Government of India, covering more than 14.72 lakhs of schools, 98.08 lakhs of teachers, and 24.80 crores of children.
🅾️UDISE+ is an online portal facility created by DoSEL for record of data related to schools, teachers, enrolment, infrastructure, etc. in respect of all recognized schools in the country.
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🅾️Drop out rate in schools-UDISE+ = UDISE+ is one of thelargest Management Information Systems initiated by the Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), Ministry of Education, Government of India, covering more than 14.72 lakhs of schools, 98.08 lakhs of teachers, and 24.80 crores of children.
🅾️UDISE+ is an online portal facility created by DoSEL for record of data related to schools, teachers, enrolment, infrastructure, etc. in respect of all recognized schools in the country.
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✅Gs-2 : Judiciary- Cross Border Legal services.
🅾️Globalization has significantly increased cross-border trade and investment, creating a demand for legal frameworks to support these transactions. This has resulted in the inclusion of legal services provisions in global trade agreements such as:
⚜️General Agreement on Trade in Services (1995).
⚜️North American Free Trade Agreement (1994).
⚜️European Union directives on legal services.
⚠️But this is only for a temporary period- so we need total unification of legal markets. In contrast, India’s legal sector has traditionally been protectionist, restricting foreign lawyers from practicing domestically.
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🅾️Globalization has significantly increased cross-border trade and investment, creating a demand for legal frameworks to support these transactions. This has resulted in the inclusion of legal services provisions in global trade agreements such as:
⚜️General Agreement on Trade in Services (1995).
⚜️North American Free Trade Agreement (1994).
⚜️European Union directives on legal services.
⚠️But this is only for a temporary period- so we need total unification of legal markets. In contrast, India’s legal sector has traditionally been protectionist, restricting foreign lawyers from practicing domestically.
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Forwarded from VK IAS(UPSC Highlights)- History
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#GS1-#Art_and_Culture #Personalities
🔴GS1- Art and culture
✅Gs-1 : Indian History- Art and culture- IVC script controversy
🅾️Why is Deciphering the Indus Script Important?What Makes the Indus Script Difficult to Decipher?
⚜️Absence of a bilingual inscription, like the Rosetta Stone.
⚜️Lack of clarity on whether it represents a full-fledged language or proto-writing.
⚜️The possibility that the script lacks phonetic components (sounds linked to symbols).
🔰Studies found that 90% of Indus symbols are also present in Tamil Nadu artifacts, suggesting a continuity or cultural exchange.
➡️Join : @historyhighlights for History news.
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🔴GS1- Art and culture
✅Gs-1 : Indian History- Art and culture- IVC script controversy
🅾️Why is Deciphering the Indus Script Important?What Makes the Indus Script Difficult to Decipher?
⚜️Absence of a bilingual inscription, like the Rosetta Stone.
⚜️Lack of clarity on whether it represents a full-fledged language or proto-writing.
⚜️The possibility that the script lacks phonetic components (sounds linked to symbols).
🔰Studies found that 90% of Indus symbols are also present in Tamil Nadu artifacts, suggesting a continuity or cultural exchange.
➡️Join : @historyhighlights for History news.
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-1 : Geography- the Himalayan model of development-Uttarakhand- Bageshwar district
🔰Q) What is land subsidence? What are the reasons for land subsidence?Examine the reasons for land subsidence in the case of joshimath?- Click here
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🔰Q) What is land subsidence? What are the reasons for land subsidence?Examine the reasons for land subsidence in the case of joshimath?- Click here
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✅Gs-3 : Economic growth
🅾️What do you mean by middle class and why are they important?- Click here
⚠️Their problem : The middle class is indeed stuck between the political appeasement of the poor and tax avoidance by the wealthy
🅾️ If the government aims for inclusive growth, it must prioritize tax reforms, broaden the tax base, and focus on improving public services for the hardworking taxpayers who sustain the nation’s economic engine.
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🅾️What do you mean by middle class and why are they important?- Click here
⚠️Their problem : The middle class is indeed stuck between the political appeasement of the poor and tax avoidance by the wealthy
🅾️ If the government aims for inclusive growth, it must prioritize tax reforms, broaden the tax base, and focus on improving public services for the hardworking taxpayers who sustain the nation’s economic engine.
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#SnT
✅Gs-3 : Science and tech- Biotech- India Genome project
🅾️Background- Human Genome project and its significance
🔰Difference between Reference Map and Pangenome Map: Click here
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✅Gs-3 : Science and tech- Biotech- India Genome project
🅾️Background- Human Genome project and its significance
🔰Difference between Reference Map and Pangenome Map: Click here
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✅Gs-3 : Environmental Pollution- Water pollution-Ground water resources
🅾️CGWB operates a network of 26,000 observation wells, with recent upgrades to 16,000-17,000 digital water level recorders connected to piezometers for real-time data.
🅾️Pollutants - Nitrate Contamination, Fluoride and Uranium Contamination
🅾️Groundwater extraction in India stands at 60.4%, with certain states (Rajasthan, Haryana, Karnataka) extracting more than is naturally replenished.
⚜️Safe Zones: Despite over-extraction, 73% of blocks in India are in the "safe zone," where groundwater is adequately replenished.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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🅾️CGWB operates a network of 26,000 observation wells, with recent upgrades to 16,000-17,000 digital water level recorders connected to piezometers for real-time data.
🅾️Pollutants - Nitrate Contamination, Fluoride and Uranium Contamination
🅾️Groundwater extraction in India stands at 60.4%, with certain states (Rajasthan, Haryana, Karnataka) extracting more than is naturally replenished.
⚜️Safe Zones: Despite over-extraction, 73% of blocks in India are in the "safe zone," where groundwater is adequately replenished.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Internal security- Defence- India’s AI Integration in Defense: Challenges and Opportunities
✅Gs-4 : Ethics- Ethical Use of AI in warfare- REAIM process
🅾️India is progressively integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into its defense ecosystem to modernize its armed forces and enhance national security.
⚜️With a substantial defense budget of ₹6.21 lakh crore (2023) and strides in AI-driven innovations, the nation is on the path to leveraging AI for military applications.
⚠️However, systemic challenges and policy gaps hinder the full realization of AI's potential in defense.What are they?- Read the highlights.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-4 : Ethics- Ethical Use of AI in warfare- REAIM process
🅾️India is progressively integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into its defense ecosystem to modernize its armed forces and enhance national security.
⚜️With a substantial defense budget of ₹6.21 lakh crore (2023) and strides in AI-driven innovations, the nation is on the path to leveraging AI for military applications.
⚠️However, systemic challenges and policy gaps hinder the full realization of AI's potential in defense.What are they?- Read the highlights.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Infrastructure/ Science and technology
🅾️Problem : Growing Risks of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Aviation
⚠️Why Are Lithium-Ion Batteries Dangerous?
🚫Ans : Due to Thermal Runaway: When damaged or short-circuited, lithium-ion batteries can enter a self-heating cycle called thermal runaway. This leads to fires emitting toxic fumes, often difficult to extinguish due to the violent reaction.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Problem : Growing Risks of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Aviation
⚠️Why Are Lithium-Ion Batteries Dangerous?
🚫Ans : Due to Thermal Runaway: When damaged or short-circuited, lithium-ion batteries can enter a self-heating cycle called thermal runaway. This leads to fires emitting toxic fumes, often difficult to extinguish due to the violent reaction.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel