Forwarded from UPSC Ethics by VK IAS
✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Right to life - Does it include Right to die?
✅Gs-4 : Ethics- Right to life debates- Should Assisted Dying Be Legalised?
🅾️The debate stems from the moral, ethical, and legal questions surrounding an individual's right to end their life in the case of terminal illnesses or unbearable suffering.
🔰India’s Legal Position: Supreme Court Rulings:
⚜️Passive Euthanasia legalized under strict conditions (2018, Common Cause vs. Union of India).Patients can refuse life-prolonging treatments, provided a Judicial Magistrate oversees the process.
⚜️Key Safeguards- Living wills, medical board approvals, and protection against misuse are mandated.
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✅Gs-4 : Ethics- Right to life debates- Should Assisted Dying Be Legalised?
🅾️The debate stems from the moral, ethical, and legal questions surrounding an individual's right to end their life in the case of terminal illnesses or unbearable suffering.
🔰India’s Legal Position: Supreme Court Rulings:
⚜️Passive Euthanasia legalized under strict conditions (2018, Common Cause vs. Union of India).Patients can refuse life-prolonging treatments, provided a Judicial Magistrate oversees the process.
⚜️Key Safeguards- Living wills, medical board approvals, and protection against misuse are mandated.
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✅Gs-3: Economics of animal rearing- Fisheries
🅾️Need of the hour?= More professionalism and organised activity in Animal Husbandry sector
🅾️Read about these- PMMSY- Important for interviews(for students from coastal states)- Click here
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🅾️Need of the hour?= More professionalism and organised activity in Animal Husbandry sector
🅾️Read about these- PMMSY- Important for interviews(for students from coastal states)- Click here
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✅GS-2: social issues- Health- Trends for 2025
🅾️Immunotherapy and personalized cancer treatment- How does NexCAR19 work?- CLick here
🅾️Weight-loss drugs: Semaglutide and Tirzepatide for weight management.
🅾️HPV Shot in India: Launch of vaccines to reduce cervical cancer prevalence among women in India
🅾️Alzheimer’s treatments: Progress in understanding the disease and potential drugs targeting brain health and memory retention.
⚠️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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🅾️Immunotherapy and personalized cancer treatment- How does NexCAR19 work?- CLick here
🅾️Weight-loss drugs: Semaglutide and Tirzepatide for weight management.
🅾️HPV Shot in India: Launch of vaccines to reduce cervical cancer prevalence among women in India
🅾️Alzheimer’s treatments: Progress in understanding the disease and potential drugs targeting brain health and memory retention.
⚠️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-1 : Indian society- Caste as a salient feature of Indian society
✅Gs-2 : Education- Caste discrimination in Education-Equal access is a fundamental right (Article 21A). However, recent studies highlights how rising tuition fees and insufficient financial aid disproportionately affect Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
🔰The principles we should abide by while dealing with caste in the education sphere are :
⚜️Economic Justice: Ensuring affordability of education is vital for realizing Article 46 (promotion of educational and economic interests of SC/ST and weaker sections).
⚜️Meritocracy vs. Equity: Rising costs reinforce exclusion, undermining the constitutional promise of equality of opportunity.
⚠️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-2 : Education- Caste discrimination in Education-Equal access is a fundamental right (Article 21A). However, recent studies highlights how rising tuition fees and insufficient financial aid disproportionately affect Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
🔰The principles we should abide by while dealing with caste in the education sphere are :
⚜️Economic Justice: Ensuring affordability of education is vital for realizing Article 46 (promotion of educational and economic interests of SC/ST and weaker sections).
⚜️Meritocracy vs. Equity: Rising costs reinforce exclusion, undermining the constitutional promise of equality of opportunity.
⚠️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
Forwarded from UPSC - International relations by Vikas Kanukollu
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✅Gs-2 : IR-Foreign policy challenges for India
🅾️What are the foreign policy challenges that India might face in 2025.
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🅾️What are the foreign policy challenges that India might face in 2025.
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✅Gs-3 : Environment- COP summits - the problems that we have to deal with in the future- 2nd part of IPCC report- India's transition to a net-zero economy
🔰Imp aspects :
⚜️1. Transitioning to a low-carbon economy through sustainable infrastructure and policies.
⚜️2. The role of taxes, subsidies, and externalities in driving this transition.
⚜️3. Challenges like resource security, fiscal constraints, and governance.
⚜️4. Advocating for differentiated climate action based on historical responsibility and promoting climate justice.
⚜️5. Encouraging reforms in public finance, renewable energy, and green infrastructure to ensure inclusive and sustainable growth.
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🔰Imp aspects :
⚜️1. Transitioning to a low-carbon economy through sustainable infrastructure and policies.
⚜️2. The role of taxes, subsidies, and externalities in driving this transition.
⚜️3. Challenges like resource security, fiscal constraints, and governance.
⚜️4. Advocating for differentiated climate action based on historical responsibility and promoting climate justice.
⚜️5. Encouraging reforms in public finance, renewable energy, and green infrastructure to ensure inclusive and sustainable growth.
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Forwarded from VK IAS - UPSC interviews
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✅Gs-3 : Science and technology- AI
🅾️Practical use cases of AI - predictions for 2025- This article is important for interview candidates.
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🅾️Practical use cases of AI - predictions for 2025- This article is important for interview candidates.
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✅Gs-2 : Governance- Accountability- Judicial accountability
🅾️2021- An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate. (150 words, 10 Marks)
☝️Judicial accountability is an evergreen theme- Why?- Because it remains a problem to be solved. There are challenges of holding judges accountable in India, focusing on the review mechanism for judges who may be guilty of misbehaviour or incapacity. read this article now
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🅾️2021- An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate. (150 words, 10 Marks)
☝️Judicial accountability is an evergreen theme- Why?- Because it remains a problem to be solved. There are challenges of holding judges accountable in India, focusing on the review mechanism for judges who may be guilty of misbehaviour or incapacity. read this article now
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✅Gs-3 : Science and Technology- Space- ISRO -PSLV C60/SpaDeX mission.
🅾️ The mission will demonstrate a space docking experiment .
🅾️Spadex- We already discussed about it here in the prelims perspective- Click here and read
🔰Practical takeaways : This is a major technology that will help in future space missions, like building space stations, repairing satellites, or even sending astronauts to space in a safer way. If this experiment works, India will be one of the few countries that can do space docking- ISRO will send two satellites into space, and one will chase the other. They’ll test if they can move close to each other and dock, or stay in a fixed position without crashing. If this works, India can plan bigger missions like building a space station or going to the moon, which could lead to more opportunities for the country in space exploration.
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🅾️ The mission will demonstrate a space docking experiment .
🅾️Spadex- We already discussed about it here in the prelims perspective- Click here and read
🔰Practical takeaways : This is a major technology that will help in future space missions, like building space stations, repairing satellites, or even sending astronauts to space in a safer way. If this experiment works, India will be one of the few countries that can do space docking- ISRO will send two satellites into space, and one will chase the other. They’ll test if they can move close to each other and dock, or stay in a fixed position without crashing. If this works, India can plan bigger missions like building a space station or going to the moon, which could lead to more opportunities for the country in space exploration.
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✅Gs-2 : IR- India- China
🅾️Tsangpo- Dam issue : Largest of its kind the world- The 1997 UN Convention on the Non-Navigational Use of International Watercourses emphasizes equitable utilization and cooperation. However, China is not a signatory, making enforcement difficult.
🅾️China's upstream projects on rivers like the Mekong have led to similar concerns of environmental degradation and unequal water distribution, setting a worrying precedent.
⚠️India has raised objections regarding the lack of consultation on upstream projects and their potential impact on Indian territory. The project could lead to strategic vulnerabilities for India, especially in Northeast India, where the Brahmaputra is a lifeline.
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🅾️Tsangpo- Dam issue : Largest of its kind the world- The 1997 UN Convention on the Non-Navigational Use of International Watercourses emphasizes equitable utilization and cooperation. However, China is not a signatory, making enforcement difficult.
🅾️China's upstream projects on rivers like the Mekong have led to similar concerns of environmental degradation and unequal water distribution, setting a worrying precedent.
⚠️India has raised objections regarding the lack of consultation on upstream projects and their potential impact on Indian territory. The project could lead to strategic vulnerabilities for India, especially in Northeast India, where the Brahmaputra is a lifeline.
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Right to Education
🅾️The no-detention policy, introduced under the RTE Act, 2009, aimed to ensure universal access to education and reduce dropouts by promoting all students from Classes 1 to 8, irrespective of their academic performance. The recent amendment to the Act, however, allows schools to detain students in Classes 5 and 8 if they fail to meet promotion criteria even after a re-examination.
🅾️Why did they change?- The actual objective was to ensure a stress-free learning environment, discourage rote learning, and encourage holistic education- that is being compromised- Surveys such as the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) indicate poor foundational skills. For example, only 42.8% of Class 5 students could read a Class 2-level text in 2022, a drop from 50.5% in 2018.
Similar trends were observed in mathematics and basic comprehension skills.
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🅾️The no-detention policy, introduced under the RTE Act, 2009, aimed to ensure universal access to education and reduce dropouts by promoting all students from Classes 1 to 8, irrespective of their academic performance. The recent amendment to the Act, however, allows schools to detain students in Classes 5 and 8 if they fail to meet promotion criteria even after a re-examination.
🅾️Why did they change?- The actual objective was to ensure a stress-free learning environment, discourage rote learning, and encourage holistic education- that is being compromised- Surveys such as the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) indicate poor foundational skills. For example, only 42.8% of Class 5 students could read a Class 2-level text in 2022, a drop from 50.5% in 2018.
Similar trends were observed in mathematics and basic comprehension skills.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Judiciary
🅾️ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla (1976): Justice H.R. Khanna dissented, holding that Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) cannot be suspended even during a national emergency. His dissent later influenced constitutional amendments strengthening fundamental rights.
🅾️P.V. Narasimha Rao Case (1998): Justice Hegde dissented by questioning whether bribes paid to Members of Parliament could be protected under parliamentary privileges.
✅Social Dissent
🅾️Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017): On the issue of triple talaq, Justices J.S. Khehar and Abdul Nazeer dissented with the majority's ruling striking down triple talaq as unconstitutional. They reasoned that it was a matter of religious freedom under Article 25.
🅾️Aishat Shifa v. Karnataka (2022):
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🅾️ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla (1976): Justice H.R. Khanna dissented, holding that Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) cannot be suspended even during a national emergency. His dissent later influenced constitutional amendments strengthening fundamental rights.
🅾️P.V. Narasimha Rao Case (1998): Justice Hegde dissented by questioning whether bribes paid to Members of Parliament could be protected under parliamentary privileges.
✅Social Dissent
🅾️Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017): On the issue of triple talaq, Justices J.S. Khehar and Abdul Nazeer dissented with the majority's ruling striking down triple talaq as unconstitutional. They reasoned that it was a matter of religious freedom under Article 25.
🅾️Aishat Shifa v. Karnataka (2022):
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✅Gs-3 : Conservation- State of forest report- ISFR 2023- Biennial update by Forest survey of India
🔰Issue : We discussed it here- Click here
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🔰Issue : We discussed it here- Click here
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Forwarded from VK IAS- prelims (UPSC highlights)
#Polity
✅Gs-2 : Vulnerable sections- LGBTQ- V IMP for prelims
🔰Focus : Trans persons' identity- legal mechanism- Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 (TPA) and its associated Rules, 2020.
⚜️Legal principle: "Generalia specialibus non-derogant" (special laws override general laws).
🅾️Step 1: Submit an application to the District Magistrate (DM) along with an affidavit declaring the preferred gender identity.
🅾️Step 2: The DM processes the application within 30 days and issues a certificate of identity. If rejected, reasons must be provided.
🅾️Step 3 (Post-Surgery): In case of sex-reassignment surgery, a medical certificate from a Chief Medical Officer or Medical Superintendent is submitted to the DM for a revised certificate.
🅾️Timeframe for Revision: The revised certificate must be issued within 15 days.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-2 : Vulnerable sections- LGBTQ- V IMP for prelims
🔰Focus : Trans persons' identity- legal mechanism- Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 (TPA) and its associated Rules, 2020.
⚜️Legal principle: "Generalia specialibus non-derogant" (special laws override general laws).
🅾️Step 1: Submit an application to the District Magistrate (DM) along with an affidavit declaring the preferred gender identity.
🅾️Step 2: The DM processes the application within 30 days and issues a certificate of identity. If rejected, reasons must be provided.
🅾️Step 3 (Post-Surgery): In case of sex-reassignment surgery, a medical certificate from a Chief Medical Officer or Medical Superintendent is submitted to the DM for a revised certificate.
🅾️Timeframe for Revision: The revised certificate must be issued within 15 days.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-2- Vulnerable sections- Migrants- E shram portal
🅾️Issues with E-shram- Click here
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🅾️Issues with E-shram- Click here
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✅Gs-2 : Governance- Digital India- Legal framework- e Governance- Digital India- its use in governance and challenges- Click here
🅾️Question: Examine the challenges posed by Generative AI (GAI) to existing legal frameworks and judicial precedents in India. How can India adapt its legal system to address these challenges in the context of digital jurisprudence?- Click here
⚠️Take away : efficient governance depends on the skills of those driving it.
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🅾️Question: Examine the challenges posed by Generative AI (GAI) to existing legal frameworks and judicial precedents in India. How can India adapt its legal system to address these challenges in the context of digital jurisprudence?- Click here
⚠️Take away : efficient governance depends on the skills of those driving it.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : Judiciary- Collegium system- Reforms.
🅾️Note- The Collegium system is a unique process in India for appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts. It operates based on the Constitutional interpretation made by the judiciary, rather than being explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.
⚠️Issue : Judicial accountability- Click here- we already discussed this.
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🅾️Note- The Collegium system is a unique process in India for appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts. It operates based on the Constitutional interpretation made by the judiciary, rather than being explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.
⚠️Issue : Judicial accountability- Click here- we already discussed this.
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Forwarded from UPSC Ethics by VK IAS
✅Gs-4 : Ethics- Values
🅾️Context : ethical and societal implications of political rhetoric and its impact on cultural and social stability
🔰Ethical justice demands:
⚜️Recognizing historical wrongs.
⚜️Upholding inclusivity without alienating communities or beliefs.
🅾️Politicians and public figures, therefore, have an ethical obligation to frame their criticisms constructively, targeting inequities rather than delegitimizing entire belief systems.The article argues for the preservation of Sanatana Dharma's positive aspects, emphasizing how reformers like Narayana Guru worked within the system to bring change rather than dismantling it.Politicians must practice ethical communication, using their platform to unite rather than divide.
🔰Remarks that dismiss cultural values entirely can:
⚜️Undermine trust in leadership.
⚜️Erode social harmony, critical for progress in diverse societies.
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🅾️Context : ethical and societal implications of political rhetoric and its impact on cultural and social stability
🔰Ethical justice demands:
⚜️Recognizing historical wrongs.
⚜️Upholding inclusivity without alienating communities or beliefs.
🅾️Politicians and public figures, therefore, have an ethical obligation to frame their criticisms constructively, targeting inequities rather than delegitimizing entire belief systems.The article argues for the preservation of Sanatana Dharma's positive aspects, emphasizing how reformers like Narayana Guru worked within the system to bring change rather than dismantling it.Politicians must practice ethical communication, using their platform to unite rather than divide.
🔰Remarks that dismiss cultural values entirely can:
⚜️Undermine trust in leadership.
⚜️Erode social harmony, critical for progress in diverse societies.
✅Join : Essay/ Ethics channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-mrcWyE8pY2UyMDll
✅Gs-2 : Education
🅾️Drop out rate in schools-UDISE+ = UDISE+ is one of thelargest Management Information Systems initiated by the Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), Ministry of Education, Government of India, covering more than 14.72 lakhs of schools, 98.08 lakhs of teachers, and 24.80 crores of children.
🅾️UDISE+ is an online portal facility created by DoSEL for record of data related to schools, teachers, enrolment, infrastructure, etc. in respect of all recognized schools in the country.
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🅾️Drop out rate in schools-UDISE+ = UDISE+ is one of thelargest Management Information Systems initiated by the Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), Ministry of Education, Government of India, covering more than 14.72 lakhs of schools, 98.08 lakhs of teachers, and 24.80 crores of children.
🅾️UDISE+ is an online portal facility created by DoSEL for record of data related to schools, teachers, enrolment, infrastructure, etc. in respect of all recognized schools in the country.
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✅Gs-2 : Judiciary- Cross Border Legal services.
🅾️Globalization has significantly increased cross-border trade and investment, creating a demand for legal frameworks to support these transactions. This has resulted in the inclusion of legal services provisions in global trade agreements such as:
⚜️General Agreement on Trade in Services (1995).
⚜️North American Free Trade Agreement (1994).
⚜️European Union directives on legal services.
⚠️But this is only for a temporary period- so we need total unification of legal markets. In contrast, India’s legal sector has traditionally been protectionist, restricting foreign lawyers from practicing domestically.
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🅾️Globalization has significantly increased cross-border trade and investment, creating a demand for legal frameworks to support these transactions. This has resulted in the inclusion of legal services provisions in global trade agreements such as:
⚜️General Agreement on Trade in Services (1995).
⚜️North American Free Trade Agreement (1994).
⚜️European Union directives on legal services.
⚠️But this is only for a temporary period- so we need total unification of legal markets. In contrast, India’s legal sector has traditionally been protectionist, restricting foreign lawyers from practicing domestically.
🔰Join - VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel