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GS-1 : Demographic studies- Census- Socio Economic caste census

🅾️ Read this article completely for the background-
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⚜️Conclusion of this article: Conducting a caste census could be more impractical than useful.

⚜️Risks: Administrative overload, potential for manipulation, and difficulty in ensuring fairness in reservation benefits.

⚜️Why?- Existing assumptions often fail to match reality due to overlapping caste names and changes in societal hierarchies.


🅾️Detailed note for mains on this issue( along with OBC subclassification) and Bihar caste census is given in this notes' channel-
https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PDF_notes/172

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Gs-3 : Environment- Plastic treaty

⚜️Context : Plastic waste ban- significance and other dimensions like urbanization-
impact of climate change

⚠️The treaty, being negotiated since March 2022, aims to create a legally binding framework to address plastic pollution.

🅾️Many countries, including India, opposed including a production cap on plastics, instead focusing on managing plastic waste.

🚫India’s Position: India did NOT support limits on production


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Forwarded from UPSC Ethics by VK IAS
Gs-4 : Ethics- Public service values

🅾️Case study of 1896 -> Plague case study for modern day governance


⚜️Colonial plague control—> top-down measures undermined community trust and fairness, prioritizing coercion over cooperative engagement.

⚜️Ethical deficits in health mapping: surveillance focused on containment rather than empathy and public good, reinforcing inequities in health governance.

⚜️Contemporary lesson: public health ethics demands transparency, participation, and accountability, avoiding legacy patterns of oppression and intimidation.

Join Ethics and Essay channel : https://www.tg-me.com/joinchat-mrcWyE8pY2UyMDll


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Gs-3 : Economic growth

🎖MUST READ ARTICLE- What is it about?- What kind of strategy should India deploy for improving per capita -
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⚠️GDP formula G= C+I+G+(X-M)

This infographic is about how C is changing.

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Gs-3 : Infrastructure- Shipping industry

⚠️Guiding vision=
India has Maritime India Vision 2030

🅾️Issue : Problems in Merchant Shipping- Outdates laws-does not account for modern maritime challenges-diminishes India’s ability to support the Navy's operational requirements effectively

⚠️Solution = Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024, and the Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024, which aim to address the gaps in the existing Merchant Shipping Act, 1958, and the Coasting Vessels Act, 1838

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Gs-3 : Science and technology- Space-Read this under the larger heading of History of space program in India

🅾️What is it about?- ISRO's Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV)-> Focus is on reusability and heavy-lift capacity

🅾️So what?- What will you get out of it?- 3X payload capability of the LVM3-> supports goals like human space exploration (e.g., Gaganyaan), a future space station, and lunar missions.

🅾️Other benefits?- Reusable rockets will cut costs and increase payload capacity

⚠️Mains conclusion=Private-public collaboration and innovation will be key to making space exploration a driver for India's economic growth and strategic autonomy.

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Those who are preparing for upsc interviews and want to seek help from VK IAS team , please contact us on www.tg-me.com/VK_IAS or reach out on 9676987943

How did the mentorship make a difference to previous rankers? - please check the previous experience of these rankers who saw a significant change in their interview scores.

https://www.tg-me.com/VK IAS UPSC Highlights by Vikas kanukollu VK/com.hinduhighlights/13333

Your DAF is the basis of your interview. It is about giving the interview panel an opportunity to know about you. Please DO NOT manufacture any aspect of your personality- just nurture it
Gs-2 : IR- UNSC

🅾️Pakistan's entry into the UNSC as a non-permanent member is critical for its global diplomatic profile.Membership provides opportunities to influence multilateral forums, specifically for issues concerning Pakistan's foreign policy priorities.

🔰Issues :

⚜️1. Afghanistan and Regional Stability

⚜️2. Kashmir Issue

⚜️3. Islamophobia Narrative : Pakistan raises Islamophobia as a global issue, pushing for it to be included in international discussions

⚜️4. Terrorism and Sanctions : Pakistan has faced criticism for its stance on terrorism, including issues tied to organizations linked with UNSC sanctions.

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Gs-2 : RPA- Simultaneous elections

➡️What is the feasibility of One nation One election?-
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⚠️Central point of this article : Urban local governments (ULGs), crucial for decentralized governance and public service delivery, are not receiving adequate attention in policy discussions, particularly in the context of simultaneous elections (ONE Nation One Election)- The 79th report of the Parliament Standing Committee on Law and Justice on the ‘Feasibility of Simultaneous Elections,’ submitted in 2015, while advocating simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, was silent on elections to ULGs.

🅾️Neglect of ULGs in Simultaneous Elections Discussions : The 74th Constitutional Amendment, which aimed to empower ULGs, has not been fully implemented in terms of timely elections and decentralization- So , urgent need to integrate ULGs into broader electoral and governance reforms

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Gs-2 : Polity- Judiciary- Impeachment of Judges

🅾️Article 124(4): The process for the impeachment of a judge of the Supreme Court (and applicable to High Court judges under similar provisions) is laid out in the Constitution. A judge can only be removed on the grounds of:

⚜️1. Proven misbehavior
⚜️2. Incapacity

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A very useful lesson from dravid- the wall, to aspiring bureaucrats!

https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va9eMCF3gvWjWIsiTa2V/149
Gs-3 : External Sector- WTO- Trade agreements

India's Push for Global Economic Presence- How?-
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⚠️The problem is with global perception- You can use this Nestle case fallout

⚠️Core issue : Switzerland has suspended the Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) clause in the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) with India, effective January 1, 2025. This suspension is due to a lack of "reciprocity" in India's application of the DTAA.

⚠️Key lesson : Mutual agreements require adherence by both parties to sustain equitable benefits. A breach by one side undermines the trust and functionality of such agreements.Under DTAA, the MFN clause ensures equal tax treatment for companies across jurisdictions with agreements between two
nations.SC ruled that the DTAA cannot override domestic tax laws unless "notified" under the IT Act.

🅾️What is India- EFTA agreement discussed in this article?-
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Forwarded from VK IAS - UPSC interviews
Interview/ UPSC PT is not about the technical know- how- Of course it is important but it is not everything- This is a test of your identity as a leader.

🅾️Read from these experiences - https://www.tg-me.com/VK IAS UPSC Highlights by Vikas kanukollu VK/com.hinduhighlights/13333

🅾️Previous rankers - https://www.tg-me.com/VK IAS UPSC Highlights by Vikas kanukollu VK/com.hinduhighlights/13318
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Gs-2 : Constitution - Values - 11 pledges

🅾️This can be related to PM Modi's 'Panch Pran'-
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Gs-2 : Appointment to constitutional positions- Vice President

🅾️Procedure for Impeaching the Vice President:
Removal process is outlined in Article 67(b):

⚜️1. Requires a resolution passed by a majority of Rajya Sabha members and agreed to by the Lok Sabha.
⚜️2. A 14-day notice period is mandatory before the resolution can be discussed.
⚜️3. Passage requires a simple majority in both Houses.


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Gs-3 : Science and technology- Biotechnology- haemophilia A cure

🅾️What is haemophilia A?- Haemophilia A is a medical condition where the blood doesn’t clot properly, leading to uncontrolled bleeding even from small injuries.

🅾️Why does it happen?- It occurs because the body doesn’t have enough of a special protein called "clotting factor VIII," which is necessary for blood to clot. It is usually inherited (passed down from parents). Men are more commonly affected-> women are carriers.

🅾️How is it treated?

⚜️Traditional method: Injecting clotting factor VIII to stop or prevent bleeding.
⚜️Gene therapy: A new technique to fix the problem by helping the body produce its own clotting factor.

🅾️Also read about the Gene therapy :
CRISPR-Cas9 Therapy for Sickle Cell & Thalassemia

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2025/07/09 14:03:46
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