🔆Trends in Digital Divide in India (NSS 2025):
✅Access Trends:
🔸97.1% youth use mobile phones; 73.4% own them.
🔸Ownership: Urban youth – 82%, Rural – 69.3%, Males – 83.3%, Females – 63%.
✅Usage Trends:
🔸91.3% of young women now use Internet (up from 77.1% in 2022).
🔸30.4% use Internet only for entertainment and higher among females (36%).
✅Skill Trends: 85.1% can send attachments, only 32.2% created presentations, 22.9% drafted documents.
✅Online banking: 68.7% youth, Female (57.5%) vs. Male (79.3%); Rural (63.4%) vs. Urban (79.7%).
✅Connectivity:
🔸91.6% urban households vs. 83.3% rural households have Internet.
🔸Only 7.2% of households have fibre-optic connections; rural share only 3.2%.

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🔆 Delhi Sultanate Architecture: Dynasties & Key Innovations

📍 Slave/Mamluk Dynasty (1206–1290)
✅ Known as Mamluk style
✅ Introduction of arches, domes, minarets, Arabic inscriptions
✅ Influence of Roman architecture through arches & domes
✅ Post-and-lintel (slab-beam) technique
✅ Use of Arabesque patterns and Quranic inscriptions
✅ Innovation: First true arch in Balban’s tomb
✅ Examples: Qutub Minar, Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Arhai-din-ka-Jhonpra, Balban’s Tomb

📍 Khilji Dynasty (1290–1320)
✅ Seljuk influence with red sandstone & marble
✅ Use of mortar, recessed arches, perforated windows
✅ Pointed/horse-shoe arches, large domes
✅ Innovation: Arcuate style, use of red sandstone & marble
✅ Examples: Alai Darwaza, Siri Fort

📍 Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1414)
✅ Strong, massive structures with minimal decoration
✅ Batter style (sloping walls), stone rubble, four-centered arches, pointed domes
✅ Octagonal tombs, encaustic tile work
✅ Innovation: Arch-beam combo, octagonal plans, experimental domes
✅ Examples: Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq’s Tomb, Tughlaqabad, Jahapanah, Ferozabad

📍 Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526)
✅ Simplistic, austere architecture
✅ Mostly octagonal tombs, double domes (inner + outer)
✅ Innovation: Introduction of double dome
✅ Example: Sikander Lodi’s Tomb (Delhi)

#GS1 #ArtAndCulture #Architecture #MedievalIndia

"Guru" isn’t just someone who teaches in schools or colleges.

A Guru is anyone or anything that brings light to our darkness.... that helps us understand the meaning of life... that shows us the path when we’re lost.

It could be our parents, friends, a stranger, a life event, or even a tough experience…

Because wisdom doesn’t always come wrapped in books...it comes wrapped in moments.

This Guru Purnima... bow down to all those silent teachers who shaped our life and soul. 🙏🌷✨

🔆 Kashmir’s Scorching Summer: Heat Records and Urban Impact

📍 Seven-decade high in Srinagar amid erratic climate shifts

✅ Record-Breaking Heat in Kashmir:
◦ Srinagar recorded a seven-decade high temperature on July 5, 2025, reaching 37.4°C — third-highest for July on record.
◦ Pahalgam hit 31.6°C, its highest ever; June 2025 was the hottest in Kashmir in nearly 50 years.

✅ Climatic Characteristics of Kashmir:
◦ The valley has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons.
◦ Summer (June–August) is the warmest, with urban highs touching 36°C.

✅ Recent Climatic Changes:
◦ Long dry spells, erratic weather, and consistent warming have become frequent.
◦ In June, temperatures were ~3°C above normal, with declining rainfall.

✅ Urban Heat Islands (UHIs):
◦ Urbanisation, concretisation, loss of vegetation, and vanishing water bodies trap heat in cities like Srinagar.
◦ Urban areas are now warmer than rural surroundings — classic UHI pattern.

✅ Reasons Behind the Warming:
◦ Climate change + local factors like melting snow by March, less snowfall, vehicle emissions, and construction.
◦ Green cover decline reduces natural cooling.

✅ Worrying Trends:
◦ Max temperatures in June now stay between 32°C to 33°C, far above historical averages.
◦ Not isolated — min & max temperatures remain consistently elevated.
◦ Kashmir now shows signs of heatwave-like conditions, rare in past decades.

✅ Environmental/Ecological Impacts:
◦ Drying rivers (e.g. Jhelum) and increased water stress seen.
◦ Air conditioner demand surges — power and energy systems under pressure.
◦ Long-term threats to agriculture, water security, and ecology.

📘 Source: The Indian Express | July 2025

📝 Mains Q (GS1 + GS3 – Geography + Environment)
“Rising temperatures in ecologically sensitive regions like Kashmir reflect both global and local anthropogenic pressures.” Discuss the causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies with reference to recent heatwave-like conditions in the Valley.

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