🔆 Fertilisers in Indian Agriculture

✅ India’s position:
• 3rd largest producer
• 2nd largest consumer (after China)
📊 FAO

✅ Fertiliser subsidy:
• 0.5% of GDP (2nd after food subsidy)
• ₹1.75 lakh crore
• Only 35% reaches intended beneficiaries
📊 NITI Aayog

✅ Urea dominates sector:
• 85% produced, 75% consumed, 50% imported
📊 Economic Survey

✅ NPK Ratio:
• Ideal = 4:2:1
• 2023–24 actual = 10.9:4.4:1
📊 Fertiliser Association of India

#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #agriculture


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🔆 Implications of Ageing

📍 Key Challenges
✅ Shrinking workforce, slowing growth, and rising pension burden
✅ Increased geriatric care demand and healthcare system stress
✅ Breakdown of joint families, elder loneliness, and social insecurity
✅ Need for reform in retirement age, pension systems, and re-skilling

📍 Government Initiatives
✅ National Policy for Older Persons (1999): Ensures rights-based welfare
✅ MWPSC Act (2007): Mandates family support for elders
✅ IPOP: Supports NGO-led elderly services
✅ Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana: Assistive devices for BPL seniors
✅ IGNOAPS: Monthly pensions for 60+ BPL citizens
✅ Senior Citizens’ Welfare Fund: Uses unclaimed deposits for elder care

#social_issue #GS1 #GS2 #GS3

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📍 Nonia Rebellion
✅The Nonias were traditional salt makers, and they also had expertise in producing Shora (saltpetre) — an essential ingredient in making gunpowder.
✅The Nonia Rebellion refers to a series of uprisings by the Nonia community between 1778 and 1800 in Bihar, particularly in the districts of Saran, Vaishali, and Purnia.
✅It was a grassroots movement against the British East India Company’s exploitative revenue policies, and oppression by local zamindars.

📍Buddhu Nonia
✅Buddhu Nonia was a freedom fighter from the Nonia community in Bihar.
✅He actively participated in the Salt Satyagraha movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.
✅He began making salt as an act of civil disobedience and was deceitfully arrested and thrown into a boiling salt cauldron—an act that turned him into a martyr of the freedom movement


#history
#prelims


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🔆 Transport Sector – Key Stats (India)
🧾 Sources: Economic Survey 2023, NITI Aayog, National Logistics Policy

📍 GDP Contribution:
✅ Transport sector contributes ~4.5% to India’s GDP.

📍 Freight Share:
✅ Road > 60%
✅ Railways 30%
✅ Waterways 10%

📍 Passenger Share:
✅ Road & others 85%
✅ Railways 15%

📍 Emissions:
✅ Transport sector causes ~14% of India’s total emissions.

📍 Cost (₹/tonne/km):
✅ Road: ₹2.5
✅ Railways: ₹1.3
✅ Waterways: ₹1.0

#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #economy


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🔆 Railways & Logistics Sector – Key Stats (India)
🧾 Sources: Railways Ministry, PIB, Economic Survey 2023

📍 Railways
✅ 4th largest network globally – 70,000 km
✅ Operating ratio ~ 98% (freight 60%, passengers 190%)
✅ 44 consequential accidents/year (avg., last 5 yrs)
✅ Passenger subsidy: 46% subsidy, totaling ₹56,993 crore

📍 Logistics Sector
✅ Current cost: 13–14% of GDP
✅ Target: Reduce to 9%
✅ Emissions share: ~ 10% of India’s total emissions

#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #economy


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🔆 Effects of Ocean Currents

📍 Climate Control
✅ Warm currents raise temperatures; cold ones cool them.
➡️ Example: North Atlantic Drift warms England; Canary cools Spain.

📍 Rainfall & Deserts
✅ Warm currents → more rainfall.
✅ Cold currents → desert formation.
➡️ Example: Cold Humboldt Current causes the Atacama Desert.

📍 Fishing Zones
✅ Convergence of warm & cold currents supports plankton → rich fish stocks.
➡️ Example: Grand Banks of Newfoundland.

📍 Navigation
✅ Currents aid efficient maritime travel by influencing shipping lanes.

📍 Temperature Moderation
✅ Currents redistribute heat and stabilize coastal climates.
➡️ Example: England remains mild due to warm currents.

#Geography

🔆Quantum 5G Fixed Wireless Access:
✅Quantum 5G FWA is a Fixed Wireless Access solution by BSNL that offers high-speed internet without physical fibre, using 5G radio waves and SIM-less architecture.
✅Launched By: Launched by

✅Direct-to-Device (D2D) platform replaces the need for physical SIM cards—devices connect automatically over 5G networks.
✅Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) uses built-in authentication, enabling instant and seamless access to the internet.
✅Operates entirely on an indigenous technology stack (core network, radio access network – RAN, and CPE) developed by Indian vendors under the Atmanirbhar Bharat
✅No dependency on foreign components—fully controlled and operated within Indian digital infrastructure.
📍Key Features:
✅SIM-less architecture: First-of-its-kind in India—removes physical SIM requirement for 5G Fixed Wireless Access (FWA).
✅Made-in-India tech stack: Designed and integrated by Indian engineers—core network, RAN, and devices all built domestically.
✅High-speed performance: Achieves up to 980 Mbps download and 140 Mbps upload with latency below 10 milliseconds—supports bandwidth-heavy applications.
✅Easy and rapid deployment: Plug-and-play CPE device—no trenching or laying of fibre cables needed; covers over 85% of Hyderabad households.
✅Optimized for modern needs: Ideal for Ultra-HD video streaming, cloud-based gaming, remote working, and smart home devices.
📍Significance:
✅Establishes BSNL as India’s first telecom operator offering indigenous, SIM-less 5G Fixed Wireless Access.
✅Demonstrates India’s capabilities under Atmanirbhar Bharat in designing and deploying cutting-edge telecom infrastructure.
✅Enables affordable gigabit-speed internet for both urban centres and underserved/rural regions, bridging the digital divide.


#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology

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🔆Coal Gasification

✅The Ministry of Coal has signed the Coal Gasification Plant Development and Production Agreement (CGPDPA) with selected applicants under Category II of the Coal Gasification Financial Incentive Scheme.

📍Coal Gasification?

✅Coal gasification is a thermo-chemical process that converts coal into syngas, a synthetic gas composed mainly of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrogen (H₂), Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Methane (CH₄), and Water Vapour (H₂O).
✅Coal is reacted at high temperatures (1000–1400°C) with a controlled amount of oxygen and steam, producing syngas.

📍Process of Coal Gasification

✅Preparation: Coal is finely crushed to increase surface area.
✅Gasification reactor: The powdered coal is fed into a reactor with limited oxygen/air and steam.
✅Chemical reactions: Coal breaks down into syngas components due to partial oxidation.
Gas cleaning: Impurities like tar, sulfur, and dust are removed from raw syngas.

📍Ex-situ vs In-situ Gasification
Aspect

✅Ex-situ Gasification
🔰Location: Above ground in controlled gasifiers
🔰Process :Coal is extracted and gasified in reactors
🔰Application :Suitable for shallow reserves
🔰Efficiency :More energy is used in mining and handling

📍In-situ Gasification
🔰Location: Underground, in coal seams
🔰 process: Oxygen and steam are injected into the coal seam to generate syngas underground
🔰Application: Ideal for deep or unmineable coal seams
🔰Efficiency:More energy-efficient for deeper deposits

#gs3
#environment

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🔆 Wealth Inequality Insights

📍 World’s richest 1% own twice as much wealth as the rest 99%
✅ Source: Oxfam Report

📍 India’s richest 1% hold 4 times the wealth owned by bottom 70%
✅ Source: Oxfam Report

📍 India’s richest 1% hold 42.5% of nation’s wealth, and richest 10% hold 75% of the nation’s wealth
✅ Source: Oxfam Report

📍 Gini Coefficient value = 0.20
✅ Source: SDG India Index 2024

#Data

🔆Scalable Solar-Driven Device for Affordable Green Hydrogen Production:

✅Developed a next-gen device that splits water molecules to produce green hydrogen using only solar energy.
✅Uses earth-abundant, low-cost materials, avoiding fossil fuels and rare expensive components.
✅Employs silicon-based photoanode with advanced n-i-p heterojunction architecture.
📍Technical Highlights:
✅Architecture: n-type TiO₂ / intrinsic Si / p-type NiO layers — enabling efficient charge separation & transport.
✅Fabrication: Using magnetron sputtering, an industry-scalable technique.
✅Achieved 600 mV surface photovoltage, low onset potential (11 VRHE).
✅Demonstrated long-term stability – 10 hours continuous operation with <4% performance drop.
✅Successfully scaled to 25 cm² photoanode size effective for large-scale hydrogen production.
📍Advantages of the Device:
✅High efficiency conversion
✅Purely solar-driven
✅Durable and stable
✅Cost-effective materials
✅Scalable design
📍Significance:
✅Decarbonizing industries
📍Advances India’s hydrogen mission
✅Supports net-zero targets
✅Global energy transition
✅Versatile applications

#gs3 #prelims
#environment #economy #energy

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🔆 India’s Demographic Dividend

📍 Key Facts
✅ The term “Demographic Dividend” describes economic expansion due to a distribution shift of the population’s age.

✅ India currently has 62.5% of its population between the ages of 15 and 59. This percentage is steadily rising and will reach its peak around 2036 (65%).

✅ Demographic dividend availability began in 2005–2006 and will continue until 2055–2056.

✅ The Economic Survey 2018–19 predicts that India’s Demographic Dividend will reach its peak around 2041 when 59% of the population will be of working age, or 20–59 years old.

✅ India has one of the youngest populations with a median age of just 28 years, compared to China (37 years), Western Europe (45 years), and Japan (49 years).

✅ Bulge in working-age population: India’s working-age population (15–64 years) has grown larger than the dependent population (below 14 and above 65 years) since 2018. This bulge is expected to last till 2055. (UNFPA Report)

#society

🔆Mount Lewotobi Laki-laki:
✅Location: It is located in Indonesia’s East Nusa Tenggara province on Flores Island.
✅It is situated along the famous ‘Ring of Fire’ in the Pacific region.
✅It is one of the most frequently active volcanoes in the region. 
✅It has two peaks arranged on a NW-SE line separated by 2 km and a 1232 m high saddle. This gave the twin volcano its name, Lewotobi, “husband and wife”.
✅The two peaks correspond to the Lewotobi Lakilaki (man) and Lewotobi Perempuan (woman)
Lewotobi Lakilaki (1584 m) has a summit crater of 400 m diameter open to the north. Lewotobi Perampuan (1703 m)’s crater is 700 m wide.
✅Lewotobi Lakilaki has been frequently active during the 19th and 20th centuries, while the taller and broader Lewotobi Perempuan has erupted only twice in historical time.
✅Small lava domes have grown during the 20th century in the summit craters of both volcanoes.

#Places_in_news

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🔆 Farmer-Related Data

✅ Farmer Suicides:
Nearly 30 people in the farming sector die by suicide daily
📊 Source: NITI Aayog

✅ Income Disparity:
Large farmers earn 7.5 times more than small and marginal farmers
📊 Source: NITI Aayog

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🔆 Virtual Assets & Terror Financing

📍 Overview
✅ FATF flagged deficiencies in global standards on virtual assets (VAs) & virtual asset service providers (VASPs) related to money laundering and terror financing.

📍 Virtual Assets
✅ Digital value: Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Dogecoin.
(Note: Not government-issued currencies)

📍 VASPs
✅ Facilitate:
• Exchange between virtual & fiat currencies
• Transfers between virtual assets
• Custody/administration of assets
✅ Examples: Crypto exchanges, wallet providers, ATM operators.

📍 Security Challenges
✅ Anonymity: VPNs & anonymity tools mask identities.
✅ Regulatory Arbitrage: Entities relocate to weak oversight jurisdictions.
✅ Crowdfunding: Extremists use social media & crowdfunding for global donations.

📍 India’s Response
✅ PMLA Inclusion (March 2023): VDASPs under AML/CFT norms.
✅ Mandatory FIU-IND Registration: For VASPs.
✅ FATF Evaluation: Enhanced monitoring for 2025 review.

#security