Mains 2025 series
Upsc 2025 mains- Can you critically analyse judicial overreach concept? Learn how!
https://youtu.be/D8vf3ZsH_qY
Upsc 2025 mains- Can you critically analyse judicial overreach concept? Learn how!
https://youtu.be/D8vf3ZsH_qY
UPSC GS -3 Agriculture CA issue for mains 2025 -1
https://youtu.be/5CtfXpDOlyQ
https://youtu.be/5CtfXpDOlyQ
✅Gs-3- Science and technology- DNA profiling
🅾️Fear of caste based profiling-Issues with DNA technology bill = Click here
🔰Advantages:
⚜️High specificity and accuracy in identifying remains.
⚜️Applicable even with partial remains: nails, bones, teeth, tissue.
⚜️Uses PCR amplification for STR targeting.
🔰Challenges:
⚜️Sample Integrity: The integrity of the DNA sample dictates the accuracy of the result.
⚜️Environmental Degradation: Heat, humidity, and time damage DNA.
⚜️Contamination Risks: Mishandling, mixed samples, non-sterile collection.
⚜️Limited Sample Availability: In disasters, usable biological material may be minimal.
⚜️Interpretation Challenges: Requires trained experts; risk of misinterpretation in mixed DNA samples.
⚜️Ethical Concerns: Privacy, consent, especially with use of familial DNA.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Subscribe to VK IAS's YouTube channel : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Fear of caste based profiling-Issues with DNA technology bill = Click here
🔰Advantages:
⚜️High specificity and accuracy in identifying remains.
⚜️Applicable even with partial remains: nails, bones, teeth, tissue.
⚜️Uses PCR amplification for STR targeting.
🔰Challenges:
⚜️Sample Integrity: The integrity of the DNA sample dictates the accuracy of the result.
⚜️Environmental Degradation: Heat, humidity, and time damage DNA.
⚜️Contamination Risks: Mishandling, mixed samples, non-sterile collection.
⚜️Limited Sample Availability: In disasters, usable biological material may be minimal.
⚜️Interpretation Challenges: Requires trained experts; risk of misinterpretation in mixed DNA samples.
⚜️Ethical Concerns: Privacy, consent, especially with use of familial DNA.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Subscribe to VK IAS's YouTube channel : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Gs-2 : Digital Access as a Right | UPSC GS-2 Mains Issue | VK IAS
https://youtu.be/6phddRmwR6M
https://youtu.be/6phddRmwR6M
YouTube
Gs-2 : Digital Access as a Right | UPSC GS-2 Mains Issue | VK IAS
Telegram channel - https://www.tg-me.com/VK IAS UPSC Highlights by Vikas kanukollu VK/com.hinduhighlights
Is Digital Access a fundamental right in India? In this crisp UPSC GS-2 explainer, we decode the evolving debate around digital rights, constitutional logic under Articles 14, 19, 21, and the policy…
Is Digital Access a fundamental right in India? In this crisp UPSC GS-2 explainer, we decode the evolving debate around digital rights, constitutional logic under Articles 14, 19, 21, and the policy…
Forwarded from UPSC - International relations by Vikas Kanukollu
✅Gs-2 : IR- Israel- Iran- Yemen - This is very important for mains 2025
🅾️Previously we read about the Axis of resistance?- Ideological and military alliance led by Iran- Iran + Hezbollah + Hamas + Houthis + Shia militias (Iraq, Syria)- Click here
🅾️Axis of Upheaval- Iran bloc + Russia + China (and often loosely-linked Global South states)- to Challenge the Western-led global order across military, diplomatic, economic domains
🅾️Axis of Resistance is a subset of the broader Axis of Upheaval- The Axis of Upheaval reflects a paradigm shift: where regional wars (like Gaza-Yemen) have global economic and diplomatic consequences.
🔰What is the impact of this whole conflict on India?- Click here
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
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🅾️Previously we read about the Axis of resistance?- Ideological and military alliance led by Iran- Iran + Hezbollah + Hamas + Houthis + Shia militias (Iraq, Syria)- Click here
🅾️Axis of Upheaval- Iran bloc + Russia + China (and often loosely-linked Global South states)- to Challenge the Western-led global order across military, diplomatic, economic domains
🅾️Axis of Resistance is a subset of the broader Axis of Upheaval- The Axis of Upheaval reflects a paradigm shift: where regional wars (like Gaza-Yemen) have global economic and diplomatic consequences.
🔰What is the impact of this whole conflict on India?- Click here
⚠️Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://www.tg-me.com/UPSC_PSIR_IR
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-2 : Centre - state relations- Finance commission - Fiscal federalism- Click here
🅾️India’s federal fiscal structure places heavy expenditure responsibility on states-from health and education to infrastructure - but revenue generation capacity is often limited. Many states carry high debt-to-GSDP ratios. To nudge states toward fiscal discipline, the Union government is proposing to introduce fiscal rankings, similar to Ease of Doing Business rankings.
🅾️Why Now?- Rising state debts after COVID-19, combined with large welfare outlays in election-bound states, have raised concern
🔰updated CPI and CES = more realistic economic denominator → better fiscal rankings and debt sustainability analysis.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️India’s federal fiscal structure places heavy expenditure responsibility on states-from health and education to infrastructure - but revenue generation capacity is often limited. Many states carry high debt-to-GSDP ratios. To nudge states toward fiscal discipline, the Union government is proposing to introduce fiscal rankings, similar to Ease of Doing Business rankings.
🅾️Why Now?- Rising state debts after COVID-19, combined with large welfare outlays in election-bound states, have raised concern
🔰updated CPI and CES = more realistic economic denominator → better fiscal rankings and debt sustainability analysis.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Economic growth
🎖MUST READ ARTICLE- What is it about?- What kind of strategy should India deploy for improving per capita - Read this article
⚠️GDP formula G= C+I+G+(X-M)
This infographic is about how C is changing.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🎖MUST READ ARTICLE- What is it about?- What kind of strategy should India deploy for improving per capita - Read this article
⚠️GDP formula G= C+I+G+(X-M)
This infographic is about how C is changing.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-3 : Poverty and unemployment studies
🅾️This article explains a new World Bank estimate: only 5.75% of Indians live in "abject poverty" in 2022-23. This seems like great news, but there's confusion about what exactly this number means.
⚠️How this number was calculated- classic example of "methodology shaping narrative"
1. If someone earns less than rs. 62/day, they are said to live in abject poverty by World Bank’s latest global poverty line for India.
2. This adjusts for different price levels across countries - rs. 62/day in India may buy what $2.15/day buys in the US. This lets us compare poverty across nations.
🚫World Bank uses PPP-adjusted rates, not forex rates
3. Earlier methods used higher poverty lines or different years for comparison (like rs. 33/day in cities). New data uses updated income benchmarks, 2022 prices, and global definitions.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️This article explains a new World Bank estimate: only 5.75% of Indians live in "abject poverty" in 2022-23. This seems like great news, but there's confusion about what exactly this number means.
⚠️How this number was calculated- classic example of "methodology shaping narrative"
1. If someone earns less than rs. 62/day, they are said to live in abject poverty by World Bank’s latest global poverty line for India.
2. This adjusts for different price levels across countries - rs. 62/day in India may buy what $2.15/day buys in the US. This lets us compare poverty across nations.
🚫World Bank uses PPP-adjusted rates, not forex rates
3. Earlier methods used higher poverty lines or different years for comparison (like rs. 33/day in cities). New data uses updated income benchmarks, 2022 prices, and global definitions.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
Gs-4- Ethics - Autonomous weapons- ethical arguments
https://youtu.be/M8K4H21ViHM
https://youtu.be/M8K4H21ViHM
YouTube
Gs-4- Ethics - Autonomous weapons- ethical arguments
Join our Telegram: https://www.tg-me.com/VK IAS UPSC Highlights by Vikas kanukollu VK/com.hinduhighlights
🔍 Ethics & Autonomous Weapons | GS-4 UPSC Mains 2025
In this video, we break down the ethical dilemma posed by Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) — machines that can select and engage targets without human intervention.…
🔍 Ethics & Autonomous Weapons | GS-4 UPSC Mains 2025
In this video, we break down the ethical dilemma posed by Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) — machines that can select and engage targets without human intervention.…
Upsc Ethics mastery begins with this step!
https://youtube.com/shorts/1M_49myLcDQ?feature=share
https://youtube.com/shorts/1M_49myLcDQ?feature=share
YouTube
Upsc Ethics mastery begins with this step!
✅VK IAS Telegram - https://www.tg-me.com/VK IAS UPSC Highlights by Vikas kanukollu VK/com.hinduhighlightsConfused how to derieve value for ethics? this video shows how and where to begin!
✅Gs-3 : Disaster Management- Stampede- Click here
☝️Whatever was discussed in this class- you will find it relevant for many years to come- Expecting some kind of a question on this topic- MUST WATCH for 2025 mains aspirants. Watch it at a speed that is comfortable to you. Explained it at a slow pace that is suitable for everyone's speed.
☝️Whatever was discussed in this class- you will find it relevant for many years to come- Expecting some kind of a question on this topic- MUST WATCH for 2025 mains aspirants. Watch it at a speed that is comfortable to you. Explained it at a slow pace that is suitable for everyone's speed.
✅Gs-3 : Science and Technology- GPS
🅾️Background on GPS technology- Click here and read
🅾️Present article focus : deliberate cyberattacks on GPS systems through jamming and spoofing -are becoming a serious global threat.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Background on GPS technology- Click here and read
🅾️Present article focus : deliberate cyberattacks on GPS systems through jamming and spoofing -are becoming a serious global threat.
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
#Agriculture
✅Gs-3 : Agriculture- Fertilizer subsidy-
🅾️Background : Fertilizers provide six macronutrients and eight micronutrients to the plants for well-balanced growth- How fertilizer subsidy works?- All the other related issues regarding fertiliser subsidy- click here and read them
✅What looked like a door closing (China's export ban) actually opened several new doors:
⚜️More suppliers -Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Jordan, etc.
⚜️More fertiliser options -APS (Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate) and NPK complexes.
⚜️Better farm practices -move toward precision agriculture.
⚜️Stronger policy shifts -Push for Atmanirbhar Bharat in Fertilisers
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Agriculture- Fertilizer subsidy-
🅾️Background : Fertilizers provide six macronutrients and eight micronutrients to the plants for well-balanced growth- How fertilizer subsidy works?- All the other related issues regarding fertiliser subsidy- click here and read them
✅What looked like a door closing (China's export ban) actually opened several new doors:
⚜️More suppliers -Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Jordan, etc.
⚜️More fertiliser options -APS (Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate) and NPK complexes.
⚜️Better farm practices -move toward precision agriculture.
⚜️Stronger policy shifts -Push for Atmanirbhar Bharat in Fertilisers
🎖Join
@hinduhighlights for News analysis
@upschighlights - Relevant hashtags for Prelims- Click here
🎖Please Subscribe : Youtube.com/vikaskanukollu
✅Gs-3 : Environmental conservation- Case study- The Pachgaon Model – Local Governance and Positive Outcomes
🅾️Central issue here : Forest Survey of India (FSI) uses outdated data- Forest Department (FD) operates with a centralised, anti-nature and anti-people mindset.
🅾️Solution suggested : Pachgaon (Maharashtra) under Forest Rights Act (2006) enabled communities to claim Community Forest Rights (CFR)-
⚠️Also read : Threats to the Biodiversity of Western ghats- Lessons to learn from GOA floods
⚠️conflict between local autonomy and corporate/state interests- Kerala High court verdict in favor of Coca-Cola over a Panchayat that denied a license- Click here
🔰Take away : From top-down forestry to bottom-up ecological democracy. This is a replicable model across India.
🌟Prelims info : Rivers in kerala- as mentioned in the article - Click here
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Central issue here : Forest Survey of India (FSI) uses outdated data- Forest Department (FD) operates with a centralised, anti-nature and anti-people mindset.
🅾️Solution suggested : Pachgaon (Maharashtra) under Forest Rights Act (2006) enabled communities to claim Community Forest Rights (CFR)-
⚠️Also read : Threats to the Biodiversity of Western ghats- Lessons to learn from GOA floods
⚠️conflict between local autonomy and corporate/state interests- Kerala High court verdict in favor of Coca-Cola over a Panchayat that denied a license- Click here
🔰Take away : From top-down forestry to bottom-up ecological democracy. This is a replicable model across India.
🌟Prelims info : Rivers in kerala- as mentioned in the article - Click here
🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : RPA- RUPP = Registered Unrecognised Political Party
🅾️Background : RPA- Role of political parties on Indian politics- click here
⚜️ Dynamics of Indian politics- Useful in Essay and ethics also- Click here
🔰Procedure : Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951 – lays down the registration process- But 345 RUPPs haven’t contested elections since 2019 and have no traceable office- possibility of Ghost parties misusing tax benefits without actual electoral activity.
⚠️Does ECI Have Explicit Power to De-Register a Party?= Supreme Court in Indian National Congress vs Institute of Social Welfare (2002)- ECI cannot de-register a party unless: Registration was obtained fraudulently, or The party violates the Constitution or becomes unlawful- , ECI can only de-list for non-compliance, not cancel existence. Read Law Commission Reports quoted here in this article in this context.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️Background : RPA- Role of political parties on Indian politics- click here
⚜️ Dynamics of Indian politics- Useful in Essay and ethics also- Click here
🔰Procedure : Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951 – lays down the registration process- But 345 RUPPs haven’t contested elections since 2019 and have no traceable office- possibility of Ghost parties misusing tax benefits without actual electoral activity.
⚠️Does ECI Have Explicit Power to De-Register a Party?= Supreme Court in Indian National Congress vs Institute of Social Welfare (2002)- ECI cannot de-register a party unless: Registration was obtained fraudulently, or The party violates the Constitution or becomes unlawful- , ECI can only de-list for non-compliance, not cancel existence. Read Law Commission Reports quoted here in this article in this context.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅GS 3: PDS- public distribution system
⚜️Food subsidy as economic tool to fight poverty- India’s poverty measurement, particularly post the 2023–24 Household Consumption Survey, should consider the actual food consumption pattern of the population - using a metric like the Thali Index- subsidies must be rationalised, not eliminated, as access to a nutritious, affordable diet remains critical despite declining poverty numbers- Why?= Click here
🅾️Traditional poverty lines (e.g., Tendulkar, Rangarajan) used consumption expenditure.
But they: 1. Treat food as a residual expense 2. Do not account for nutritional quality 3. Overlook actual food inflation Thali Index fixes this by using food prices to reverse-engineer affordability → better poverty estimation. This works because Food inflation hits bottom 40% hardest, who also often live just above the poverty line.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
⚜️Food subsidy as economic tool to fight poverty- India’s poverty measurement, particularly post the 2023–24 Household Consumption Survey, should consider the actual food consumption pattern of the population - using a metric like the Thali Index- subsidies must be rationalised, not eliminated, as access to a nutritious, affordable diet remains critical despite declining poverty numbers- Why?= Click here
🅾️Traditional poverty lines (e.g., Tendulkar, Rangarajan) used consumption expenditure.
But they: 1. Treat food as a residual expense 2. Do not account for nutritional quality 3. Overlook actual food inflation Thali Index fixes this by using food prices to reverse-engineer affordability → better poverty estimation. This works because Food inflation hits bottom 40% hardest, who also often live just above the poverty line.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
✅Gs-2 : Fundamental rights- Secularism- Preamble
🅾️What is the reasoning Behind Including ‘Socialist’ and ‘Secular’ in the Preamble?- click here
⚠️The Core Debate – Is Secularism Inherent Even Without the Word?- Critics argue: The word “secular” was imposed during a politically coercive period (Emergency) and was not part of the Constitution as adopted in 1950. This article is saying that it is not- and shows reasons why secularism is not derived from one word in the Preamble but from the Constitution’s structure and values.
🅾️Judicial Position- Sanjiv Khanna Bench (2024):ismissed challenge to the 42nd Amendment’s wording. Held: These additions do not violate fundamental rights, and no constitutional violation occurs.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel
🅾️What is the reasoning Behind Including ‘Socialist’ and ‘Secular’ in the Preamble?- click here
⚠️The Core Debate – Is Secularism Inherent Even Without the Word?- Critics argue: The word “secular” was imposed during a politically coercive period (Emergency) and was not part of the Constitution as adopted in 1950. This article is saying that it is not- and shows reasons why secularism is not derived from one word in the Preamble but from the Constitution’s structure and values.
🅾️Judicial Position- Sanjiv Khanna Bench (2024):ismissed challenge to the 42nd Amendment’s wording. Held: These additions do not violate fundamental rights, and no constitutional violation occurs.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel